Nayaya
Nyaya is one of the six classical schools of Indian philosophy, and its primary focus is on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. The Nyaya system was founded by the sage Gautama, and it is said that he formulated the system in order to help people understand the nature of reality and how to attain liberation from suffering.
The Nyaya system is based on the idea that knowledge is attained through a process of inference. Inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from a set of premises, and the Nyaya system posits that knowledge is attained when one is able to infer the nature of an object from its properties. This process of inference is known as "anumana," and it is said to be the only way to attain certain knowledge.
The Nyaya system also posits that there are four types of knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. Perception is the direct awareness of an object, inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from a set of premises, comparison is the process of comparing one thing to another, and testimony is the acceptance of knowledge from another person.
The Nyaya system also posits that there are five "means of valid cognition," or "pramanas," which are the means by which knowledge can be attained. These are perception, inference, comparison, testimony, and non-perception. Perception is the direct awareness of an object, inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from a set of premises, comparison is the process of comparing one thing to another, testimony is the acceptance of knowledge from another person, and non-perception is the absence of any perception of an object.
The Nyaya system also posits that there are sixteen "categories," or "padarthas," which are the building blocks of reality. These categories are substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, inherence, non-inherence, proximity, remoteness, priority, posteriority, conjunction, disjunction, necessity, possibility, and impossibility.
In terms of metaphysics, the Nyaya system posits that the ultimate reality is the self, or "atman," which is eternal and unchanging. The Nyaya system also posits that the ultimate goal of human existence is the attainment of liberation, or "moksha," which is achieved when the self is able to realize its true nature and become one with the ultimate reality.
In conclusion, Nyaya philosophy is one of the six classical Indian schools of philosophy that focus on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. The Nyaya system posits that knowledge is attained through a process of inference, and that there are four types of knowledge and five means of valid cognition. The Nyaya system also posits that there are sixteen categories that are the building blocks of reality and that the ultimate reality is the self and the ultimate goal of human existence is the attainment of liberation.